History of Pakistan Arrival of Islam
Arrival Of Islam
In 709 an Arab ship was seized by pirates from the coast of Sind. A punitive expedition under a teenage commander named Mohammad bin Qasim in 711 took several Sind towns, and an Arab Army also arrived via Afghanistan. By 724, the Indus Valley up to Multan had an Arab governor, though local rulers were left in place. Arabs also crossed the Mountains to Chitral.
But Islam didn’t come to stay for another 250 years. In Afghanistan. The Hindu Shahi fell to Nisar-Ud-Din Sebuktagin, Muslim Turkic Sultan of Ghazni. From 1001 his son Mahmud of Ghazni pounded the Punjab with annual raids. for 255 years, destroying local Hindu states and converting by the sword. In his footsteps, Muhammad of Gaur sacked Peshawar and Lahore and Pushed on to Delhi in 1193. he was later assassinated but his general Qutb-ud-Din Aybk declared himself ruler of Delhi, setting the stage for a series of Turkic-Afghan dynasties called the Delhi Sultanates.
In the early 13th century the Mongols of jenghiz Khan raided south through the Hindu Kush, sacking Peshawar and Lahore. Timur (Tamerlane), a Turkic or Mongol warlord from Samarkand who had already trashed Central Asia, in 1398 invaded India and savaged Delhi.
Islam didn’t take hold in the northern Mountains until the 15th to 17th centuries.
Moghuls
In 1524 Zahir-ud-Din Babur, ruler of Kabul, descendant of Timur on his father’s side and Jenghiz khan on his mother’s marched across the Punjab and took Lahore. Two years later had never seen firearms – and founded a line of Muslim emperors of India know as the Moghuls (a corruption of Mongol, local parlance for anybody from central Asia).
Things Got Off to a bad start. Babur’s son Humayun lost the throne to Sher Shah suri,
Afghan ruler of Bihar in India, and fled to Persia. He only recovered it 12th years later thanks to bickering among Sher Shah’s Successors, but half a year after that he fell down a flight of stairs and died. Humayun isn’t remembered for much, but Sher Shah was a crafty reformer who also built a good stretch of the Grand Trunk Road.
Akbar
(ruled 1556 to 1605) is considered the greatest Moghul emperor. He
introduced judicial and social reforms and, in search of common culture
ground among his subjects, ended Islam’s supremacy as state
religion. He encouraged scholars, poets, artist and Musicians. He projected
Moghul Power into Kashmir, Afghanistan, Sind and eastern Baluchistan,
and built the famous palace-fort in his new capital of Lahore.
Jahangir
(ruled 1605-1627) continued his father’s open-minded policies. Literature
and the arts flourished, as did a fusion of Islamic and Indian
architecture. Shah Jehan (ruled 1628-1658), builder of the Taj
Mahal and Lahore’s Shalimar Gardens, raised court opulence to new heights .
the elegant marble additions to Lahore Fort are his. His gem- studded
‘peacock throne’ may be history’s most obscenely lavish piece of furniture. But
he died in prison, thrown there by his son Aurangzeb in a succession
dispute
The
pious Aurangzeb (ruled 1658-1707) is best known for returning the
state to orthodox Islam and for his fanatic and destructive
discrimination against non-Muslims. After his death the empire began to
unravel in quarrels and incompetence, with smaller power nibbling at the edges
of the empire. There were father ‘Moghul emperors’ but none had much
authority.
In 1738, a Persian brigand named Nadir Shah occupied Moghul lands west of the Indus, sacked Delhi and made off with the peacock throne (it’s now in a bank vault in Tehran). After his death the Durrani Pashtun leader Ahmad Shah declared himself king of Afghanistan and by 1769 held Kashmir and the Punjab.
History of Pakistan
British Times Independence
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